Are there any artists in the same headspace as folks like Alan Kay and Bret Victor, and who are exploring the “future of coding” through paint, sculpture, multimedia, etc?

I would not compare myself to Kay or Victor, but I'm inspired by their work, and I am working on a creative coding tool for graphics and 3D modeling. I've used it to create 3D printed models and simple 2D and art pieces. I am specifically inspired by the idea that code is a form of artistic expression, and that parametric/algorithmic art is an expressive artistic medium. (github.com/curv3d/curv for more details)

The demoscene might count. Also, Jennifer Jacobs and her cohort at MIT: http://jenniferjacobs.mat.ucsb.edu (Spoiler: Jennifer is the guest on the next episode of the podcast, which should be out in about a week) Not in the same league as the above, but my FoC project Hest is primarily a drawing tool that just so happens to be a general purpose programming language, with an explicit goal of making programming look cool.