Is there a good catalogue of programming languages? Preferably with the option of searching by feature or comparing languages on some dimensions?

this doesn’t line up 1:1 with what you are asking, but I’ve always found that learn x in y is a quick way to compare a number of languages, and get a sense for their basic semantics and feature set. the big gap I see in learn x in y is that it doesn’t typically touch on tooling and ecosystem

There's a few FoC-oriented languages in the catalog: https://futureofcoding.org/catalog/

Rosetta code? Granted, no search. https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Programming_Languages

Thanks for the resources! Grateful for it all. Might use it to compile a structured list of my own and share it back here

For a syntax between languages reference, I like to visit https://rigaux.org/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html. It's getting older, but sometimes useful to see how different languages implement a similar concept.

Wikipedia has • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages

There's also pldb.pub, which does have search and lists various usage statistics and language features.

Oooh! hyperpolyglot has a great side by side feature list of many related langs.